Measuring to Buy Ceramic Floor Tiles

Buying ceramic tile for floors requires measuring and math. Estimate how many ceramic tiles to buy by calculating the total floor area you plan to cover and dividing that number by the size of one tile. Ceramic floor tiles typically come in 4-, 6-, 9-, 12-, and 18-inch squares.



  1. 1. Determine the square footage of the room (don’t forget the closets!); just multiply the room’s length by its width.


    [Length of Floor] x [Width of Floor] = Total Area.



  2. Choose your tile size from the following list and use the accompanying equation to figure out the number of tiles to buy:


    4-inch tiles:


    Total Area ÷ 0.1089 = Number of 4" tiles needed


    6-inch tiles:


    Total Area ÷ 0.25 = Number of 6" tiles needed


    9-inch tiles:


    Total Area ÷ 0.5625 = Number of 9" tiles needed


    12-inch tiles:


    Total Area = Number of 12" tiles needed (You’ve measured your room in square feet, and a 12-inch tile is 1 square foot)


    18-inch tiles:


    Total Area ÷ 2.25 = Number of 18" tiles needed




Because there are variations in the color of tiles from one tile run to another, buy enough tiles to complete the job and have some leftovers for later repairs.


You can always bring your room dimensions to a tile dealer, who can help you figure out how much tile and other supplies to purchase.




dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/measuring-to-buy-ceramic-floor-tiles.html

Setting Up an Outlook 2007 E-Mail Account from Home

After you sign up with an ISP (Internet Service Provider), you can set up Outlook 2007 to send and receive e-mail from your e-mail account at home. Although any individual Internet e-mail account requires setup only once, you can set up as many accounts as you need.



If you're a corporate user, your system administrators may not want you to mess around with account settings at all — or may have special arrangements and settings they want you to use when you work from home. Either way, it's best to ask first.



If you're on your own, you should probably call the tech support line from your online service or ISP to get all the proper spellings of the server names and passwords. (Don't forget to ask whether they're case-sensitive!)



To set up an Internet e-mail account through Outlook 2007, follow these steps:



1. Choose Tools --> Account Settings.


The Account Settings dialog box appears.


2. Click the E-mail tab.


The Email Accounts setup page appears.


3. Click New.


The Add New Email Account dialog box appears.


4. Fill in the blanks in the New Email Account dialog box.


Be careful to enter the information accurately — especially your e-mail address and password. Otherwise, your e-mail won't work.


5. Click Next.


A configuration screen appears, and Outlook begins trying to automatically configure your e-mail account. You get one of these two responses:


• If it succeeds, the Congratulations screen appears and you can click Finish to complete the process.


• If Outlook is unable to automatically configure your e-mail account, continue these steps.


6. Click the check box labeled Manually Configure Server Settings.


The Server Type dialog box appears.


7. Click the radio button for the server type that your e-mail provider requires.


Most home users choose E-mail.


8. Click Next.


A new configuration screen appears.


9. Type the settings that your e-mail provider requires.


Again, each e-mail service differs, but most of them can tell you how to make their e-mail work with Outlook.


10. Click the Test Account Settings button.


The Test Account Settings dialog box shows you what's happening while Outlook tests the entered settings to see if you got everything right.


If you type one wrong letter in one of your e-mail settings, your messages won't go through. The computers that Outlook has to send messages through (called servers) are terribly literal, so it's good to find out whether your setup works while you're still tweaking your settings. If the test fails, try retyping some entries (and then clicking the Test Account Settings button) until you get a successful test. When the test is successful, the Test Account Settings dialog box says "Congratulations! All tests completed successfully. Click Close to continue." So that's what you should do.



11. Click Close.


The Test Account Settings dialog box closes.


12. Click Next (or press Enter).


The Congratulations screen appears. Take a moment to feel the thrill of success.


13. Click Finish.


You can set up more than one Internet e-mail account, so each member of the family can have a separate address. You also may want to have different accounts for business use and personal use. Perhaps you just want to set up separate accounts so you can send yourself messages. Whatever you like to do, the process is pretty much the same.










dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/setting-up-an-outlook-2007-email-account-from-home.html

How to Define Your Target Audience on Twitter

Choosing your target audience is the first step in building your Twitter marketing plan. Choosing people to target on Twitters differs from choosing your market in a more traditional setting. When you're trying to determine the target audience you want to reach on Twitter, answer a couple of questions:



  • Whom does your product or service appeal to? For example, a travel company may be targeting retired individuals for vacationing. A video games company might target single men, ages 20 to 30.



  • Whom do you care about? This may not be as relevant in the realm of traditional marketing, but it is in the Twitter environment because you’re building relationships. So, in the case of the travel company, this may be the retiree who has been dreaming all his life of traveling to Hawaii. In the case of the video game company, this may be the guy who is willing to camp outside a store waiting for a new game to be released.




Review your current demographic (target audience) so that you can build an honest opinion of your client. Why reinvent the wheel? You either have a basic idea of your target audience or already have a specific group of people buying your product or service. For example, perhaps a typical client is Mary, a stay-at-home mom with three kids who buys your soccer balls. Or maybe it’s Paul, the white-collar professional who works 90 hours a week, or Janice, the grandmother of your best friend. Or perhaps a segment of your clients are small-business owners.


Reviewing your current clients and placing them into the mix can also help you figure out whom you should target on Twitter. If you're starting a new business and you don’t yet have a good idea of whom to target, review the questions included earlier in this section to help in your brainstorming process.


A concept many business owners or professionals fail to understand when it comes to brainstorming new strategies for business is to ask your clients’ opinions. When you're figuring out who your target audience is on Twitter, look to your current clients. Are they on Twitter? Ask those clients who use Twitter for advice about whom you need to target on Twitter. Getting input from your current clients can go a long way to help you implement your strategy. You can send out e-mail surveys or just pick up the phone in order to get input from your existing customers.











dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-define-your-target-audience-on-twitter.html

Office 2011 for Mac: Save Excel Workbooks in Old File Formats

Excel for Mac 2011 lets you save a workbook in the following old Excel formats if you’re creating a spreadsheet for or with someone who has a version of Excel prior to Excel 2007:



  • Excel 2004 XML Spreadsheet (.xml): Excel 2004 and Excel 2008 can use this XML format. This was a precursor to the open source standard XML format that is now Excel's default.



  • Excel 97-2004 Workbook (.xls): Save in a format that was used by these old versions of Excel.



  • Excel 97-2004 Template (.xlt): Save a template in a format that was used by these old versions of Excel.



  • Excel 97-2004 Add-In (.xla): Save a macro-enabled workbook as an Excel add-in for these old versions of Excel. Excel 2008 can't run macros or add-ins.



  • Excel 5.0/95 Workbook (.xls): Save in a format that was used by these old versions of Excel.




These old formats are worth trying when sharing files with people using programs that are ostensibly "compatible" with Excel.


Saving in these old formats will cause data loss with worksheets larger than 65,536 rows or 256 columns. Many objects will turn into pictures and not be editable. Expect compatibility problems with pivot tables, tables, graphs, charts, conditional formatting, protection, collaboration, and other Excel features that have been significantly upgraded. Old formats are not recommended for everyday use.




dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/office-2011-for-mac-save-excel-workbooks-in-old-fi.html

Notable Changes in HTML5

The HTML language is actually only one part of a much bigger picture that is HTML5. In truth, HTML5 is the integration of several different technologies (HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and server-based technologies), which each have their own role.


Changes from HTML to HTML5


Changes to the HTML language itself are evident in HTML5. A few tags have been added to the HTML 4 standard, and a number have been taken away. However, HTML5 remains backward-compatible with HTML 4, so there's no absolute requirement to write your code in the HTML5 standard. Adapting from HTML 4 to HTML5 is probably the easiest part of moving to the complete HTML mindset.


The main changes include:



  • Semantic markup: HTML5 now includes new tags that describe parts of a document. Now there are dedicated tags for navigation elements, articles, sections, headers, and footers.



  • New form elements: HTML5 forms have some major updates. There are several new versions of the <input> element, allowing users to pick colors, numbers, e-mail addresses, and dates with easy-to-use elements.



  • Media elements: At long last, HTML5 has native support for audio and video with tags similar to the <img> tag.



  • canvas tag: The canvas tag allows the programmer to build graphics interactively. This capability will allow for very intriguing capabilities like custom gaming and interface elements.




The relationship between CSS and HTML5


Probably the biggest adjustment from HTML 4 is the changing relationship between HTML and CSS. CSS is central to the HTML5 way of thinking. In HTML5 (like in XHTML), the markup language only describes what various elements mean; CSS is used to describe how things look.


Along with the HTML5 standard comes a new standard for CSS, called CSS3. It's nearly impossible to talk about HTML5 without also including CSS3 because they're so closely related. Here are the main new features:



  • Embedded font support: With this long-awaited tool, you can include a font with a web page, and it will render even if the user doesn't have the font installed on her operating system.



  • New selectors: Selectors are used to describe a chunk of code to be modified. CSS3 now supports new selectors that let you choose every other element, as well as specific sub-elements (different types of input tags, for example).



  • Columns: HTML has never had decent support for columns, and all kinds of hacks have been used to overcome this shortcoming. Finally, CSS includes the ability to break an element into any number of columns easily.



  • Visual enhancements: CSS has a number of interesting new capabilities: transparency, shadows, rounded corners, animations, gradients, and transformations. These provide a profound new level of control over the appearance of a page.




JavaScript and HTML5


If HTML describes what parts of the document are, and CSS describe how these parts look, JavaScript defines how elements act. JavaScript is a full-blown programming language and a very critical part of the HTML5 point of view. A few of HTML5's most interesting features are accessible only through JavaScript.



  • Vector graphics support: Vector-based graphics provide an interesting alternative to traditional graphics because they can be created on the fly through code. HTML5 actually has two ways to do this: through SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) and the canvas tag.



  • New selectors: Most JavaScript programming begins by grabbing an element by ID. HTML5 now allows you to select elements by tag name, or by the same mechanisms you use to select elements in CSS.



  • Local storage mechanisms: Previous versions of HTML allowed very limited storage of information on the client. HTML5 now allows the developer to store data on the client. There is even a built-in database manager that accepts SQL commands.



  • Geolocation: This interesting feature uses a variety of mechanisms to determine where the user is located.




Server technologies and HTML5


Modern web development is about communication. All the technologies that make up HTML5 reside in the web browser, which is an important part of the web. However, an equally important part of web development is a raft of technologies that live on the web server. Many of the most interesting things happening today use technologies like PHP or ASP to run programs that create web pages or use database programs like Oracle or MySQL to manage large amounts of data. The advent of AJAX has made integration between those technologies and the browser much easier. You can expect to use a host of other applications and technologies in tandem with HTML5.




dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/notable-changes-in-html5.navId-405064.html

How Much and When to Feed Chickens

Feeding backyard chickens is an imprecise science. It’s difficult to tell someone how much to feed their chickens, or even when to feed them. So many variables are involved: the type of chickens, whether they’re growing or laying, how active they are, how neat you are, the type of feeders you have, the number of free-loading pests you support, and the weather.


Use these guidelines for feeding your chickens, but alter them for your own flock.


Our modern, high-production egg breeds convert feed to eggs very efficiently, especially if they’re fed a ration formulated for laying hens. After they’re laying well, it takes about 4 pounds of a quality feed of 16 to 18 percent protein to produce a dozen eggs. The breeds kept for dual purposes (eggs and meat) generally have heavier body masses to support and need more feed to produce a dozen eggs than a lighter production breed.


It takes about 2 pounds of feed to produce 1 pound of body weight on a growing meat-type bird. So if a broiler weighs about 6 pounds at 10 weeks, it will have eaten about 12 pounds of feed. Remember that it ate less when it was small, and the amount of feed consumed increased each week. A medium-weight laying hen will eat about 1/4 pound of feed per day when she begins producing. These are rough estimates, but they give you some idea of what to expect.


Chickens eat more in cold weather and less in hot weather.


If you are unsure how much to feed your chickens (and don’t want to accidentally deprive them), fill the chickens’ feed dishes so food is available much of the day, or use feeders that hold several day’s worth of feed. You can use this feeding method for all types of chickens. It’s the way chickens would eat in nature; they eat small amounts frequently.


You can continue that method if you like, or you can feed your chickens at certain times of the day. (Most people who use this method choose morning and evening.) This allows you to control the amount of feed that may attract pests. And if the chickens are too heavy, it restricts the amount they can eat. With free-range birds, it encourages them to lay and to sleep in the coop. Usually, however, it’s just a matter of preference; some people like to observe and tend to their chickens more often than others. This method works well for all but meat birds.


Because of their heavy rate of growth, the meat-type broiler chickens need to have food available to them at all times, day and night. Remember, chickens don’t eat in the dark, so the lights must be on for these birds all night. For the Rock-Cornish crosses, the lights should be on 24 hours a day, and feed should be in the feed pans at least 23 of those hours. Some people recommend an hour of no feed, but most home chicken-keepers find that difficult to regulate. Just make sure they always have feed. Laying hens, pets, and show birds are fine with restricted times of feeding and don’t need feed at night.


Be very careful not to feed moldy food, which can kill or harm your chickens, and make sure food is stored so it won’t attract rats, coons, and other pests. If you’re using a lot more feed than you think you should, pests like rats may be eating it at night. You may want to empty feeders at night or put them inside a pest-proof container for all birds other than the broiler-type meat birds.


If you need to add grit to your chickens’ diet, you can supply it in a small dish from about the fifth day of life. Chicks should be eating their regular feed well before you add grit, or they may fill up on it. Make sure the dish is covered or narrow so the birds don’t dust-bathe in it. Discard it and add clean grit if it becomes contaminated with chicken droppings.




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Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-much-and-when-to-feed-chickens.html

Online Community Managers Must Find Humor in Difficult Situations

Not every crisis you face as online community manager has to be hush-hush or super serious. You’ll find that people appreciate brands showing a human side. If you can treat negativity with humor and not insult the intelligence of your community, you’ll not only control the damage, but also may attract a slew of new members.


Recently, the American Red Cross encountered a situation that could have been scandalous but instead turned into something positive. A member of its social-media team forgot to switch to his personal Twitter account and sent the following tweet from the Red Cross account:


Ryan found two more 4 bottle packs of Dogfish Head’s Midas Touch beer…when we drink, we do it right. #gettingslizzerd

The public tweet and its ensuing hashtag insinuated that the Red Cross team was imbibing on company time, which wouldn’t go over well with the general public. Instead of deleting the tweet and pretending it didn’t happen, a spokesperson released the following tweet:


We’ve deleted the rogue tweet but rest assured the Red Cross is sober and we’ve confiscated the keys.

The Red Cross did the right thing. By not hiding the fact that someone mistakenly used the brand account to send out a personal and inappropriate tweet, it created some fun on Twitter as people retweeted the comment.


And the fun didn’t stop there. Dogfish Head Craft Brewery got into the act as well, encouraging its community members to give blood and then buy a beer. Soon, the Twitterverse was filled with comments by Dogfish community members who were doing just that.


The Red Cross/Dogfish tweets not only became a popular case study on handling a negative situation correctly, but also became one of Twitter’s top trending topics for that day.




dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/online-community-managers-must-find-humor-in-diffi.html

Cucumber and Wakame Salad

This light, refreshing cucumber and wakame salad possesses just the right amount of thin, crunchy cucumber in proportion to delightfully chewy wakame seaweed, to tease your palate into wanting more.


Tip: Make the dressing, and soak and drain the wakame and cucumbers well in advance, refrigerating them until needed. Assembling and serving the salad then takes only moments.


Special sushi tools: Japanese mandoline or sharp knife


Preparation time: 20 minutes


Yield: 4 servings


1/2 cup high-quality rice wine vinegar


2 tablespoons sugar


1 teaspoon soy sauce


1/4 ounce (10 grams) dried, ready-to-use wakame


2 Japanese cucumbers


1 cup water


1 teaspoon salt


1 tablespoon slivered fresh gingerroot (optional)



  1. Stir the vinegar, sugar, and soy sauce together until the sugar is dissolved.


    Refrigerate this dressing until needed, up to 3 or 4 days.



  2. Cover and soak the wakame in cold water until it softens, about 5 minutes.



  3. While the wakame is soaking, slice the cucumbers into very thin rounds, using a Japanese mandoline or a sharp knife.



  4. Drain the wakame and set it aside briefly.



  5. Soak the sliced cucumbers in the water seasoned with the salt for 5 minutes.


    Soaking the cucumbers softens them so that they absorb the rice vinegar dressing.



  6. Drain the cucumbers, gently squeezing out any excess moisture.



  7. Toss the softened wakame and cucumbers with one-fourth of the dressing.



  8. Place one-fourth of this salad in each of four small, shallow plates or bowls.



  9. Drizzle over a little more dressing and garnish with slivered gingerroot, if desired.


    Serve chilled or at room temperature.




You can serve the cucumber and wakame salad cold with flaked crabmeat or boiled shrimp; place the shellfish in one side of the bowl or toss it with the wakame and cucumbers.


Buy ready-to-use, already cut-up, dried wakame that needs just a few minutes to soften and come back to life. Use a good rice wine vinegar because it’s the dominant taste in this salad.


Per serving: Calories 43 (From fat 1); Fat 0g (Saturated 0g); Cholesterol 0mg; Sodium 270mg; Carbohydrate 10g (Dietary fiber 2g); Protein 2g.




dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/cucumber-and-wakame-salad.html

Clear Strategic Planning Goals Produce Results

Organizations that execute with excellence focus on a handful of clear goals and align the focus of every department and employee to those few goals. Take FranklinCovey Co. and Harris Interactive, Inc., as examples. They conducted a study to test the gap between goal setting and the actual achievement of those goals in various companies. With more than 11,000 respondents, the results shed light on issues around planning for organizations with multiple levels and departments.


Here’s what the study found:



  • Lack of clarity: Only one in six workers thinks his organization sets clear goals, and fewer than half say they understand what their companies are trying to achieve.



  • Wasting time on non-critical tasks: By their own account, respondents spend only 49 percent of their time on crucial organizational goals. One hour out of three is spent on urgent but irrelevant tasks, such as checking e-mail. One hour in five is wasted dealing with pointless bureaucracy issues, such as politicking and attending unproductive meetings.


    By having a strategic plan that everyone buys in to and understands, you can increase time spent on the crucial aspects of your organization.



  • No accountability: Only about 50 percent of all respondents said that they feel accountable for performance. They’re rarely, if ever, called on to report progress.



  • No line of sight between organizational goals and work: Only 20 percent of people have clearly defined work goals, and 10 percent clearly understand how work relates to the organization’s top priorities.






dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/clear-strategic-planning-goals-produce-results.html

How to Use Twitter to Communicate a Crisis

If you are marketing on Twitter you may find yourself having to manage a crisis. During an emergency, whether it’s a public health scare or a product recall, or your CEO just absconded with millions of dollars, this is a time when controlling the message is important, and timing is crucial.


You can’t just send out a press release, do a few interviews with the mainstream media, and assume that you’ve done your job. People are talking with each other about what’s going on, and these opinions are making it into the general conversation.


Although you can’t (and shouldn’t) try to stifle the conversation, you can be a big part of it, and you can try to steer it in a positive (or at least less negative) direction.


Here are a few steps you can take during a crisis to monitor and communicate with Twitter:



  1. Set up a laptop running TweetDeck or Twitterfall.com with an LCD projector to show the message windows on the wall for employees responding to the crisis to see. If it’s just you, skip the projector.



  2. Make sure that all staff members responding to the crisis have their own Twitter accounts and followers.


    You should have set this up way beforehand. Be sure to follow people in your particular industry or community. If you have staff using private Twitter accounts to communicate internally, make sure that you have at least one account that’s public.



  3. Establish #hashtags about the incident.


    Make sure that all employees tweeting about the crisis use them. Let the media and concerned parties know about them.



  4. When you find a piece of information that’s wrong, correct it and refer people to the source for correct information.



  5. Post media updates to your blog, and send out tweets when they’re up.



  6. Answer questions on Twitter, and refer people to your blog for additional information.




It's important to track and watch content being shared on Twitter in order to keep up-to-date with monitoring of different crises.











dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-use-twitter-to-communicate-a-crisis.html

Avoiding Gluten Contamination When Preparing Gluten-Free Food

Sometimes the way you prepare and cook food can contaminate it with gluten. Here are some ways to avoid contaminating gluten-free food with gluten from other sources.



  • If you’re preparing two varieties of a meal, prepare the gluten-free meal first. Use separate utensils.



  • If you’re frying you can reuse cooking oil as gluten doesn’t dissolve in the oil. However, bits of batter or crumbs can stay on the surface. Always carefully scoop out any visible bits of batter or crumbs. Using fresh oil or frying the gluten-free version first is best.



  • Foil is a great way to avoid contamination. Use foil to keep foods separate when preparing, cooking, or storing.



  • Use coloured stickers or labels, or different coloured lids when storing food so you and others easily know which containers hold the gluten-free version. Setting up your system takes time, but will save time later and prevent mishaps.



  • If time is a problem, make a habit of cutting off the section of the food packet that says ‘gluten-free’ or the brand name and poke it into the storage container with your food.



  • Keep separate containers of margarine or butter in the fridge, or train your family to be scrupulous about wiping knives and not putting leftover margarine contaminated with crumbs back into the container. Keep a paper towel beside you when making sandwiches so you can wipe the knife before dipping back into the topping or spread.



  • Having separate storage spaces for the gluten-containing and gluten-free foods is convenient, and makes it easier to find gluten-free food quickly.



  • When cooking gluten-containing pasta, wash well your colander or strainer and tongs after use because pasta can leave a residue on utensils.



  • Your gluten-free meal can be contaminated by just a few crumbs from gluten-containing food. Be diligent about cleaning crumbs and remember the golden rule — when in doubt, leave it out.



  • Clean out the crumbs from the bottom of your toaster regularly, or use toaster bags that you slide your bread into before putting it into the toaster. You can buy toaster bags from some health food shops and through The Coeliac Society. Toaster bags are great when cooking toast in those huge, communal toasters in motel dining rooms.











dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/avoiding-gluten-contamination-when-preparing-glute.html

How to Edit a Photo in Windows 7's Live Paint

Paint, Windows 7's improved drawing program, lets you express your creativity with a number of photo editing tools. You can edit photos using Paint in Windows 7 by adding text, changing colors, and other effects.



  1. Choose Start→All Programs→Accessories→Paint.


    Windows Paint opens.



  2. Click the application icon and click Open.


    In Paint, the application icon is near the top-left corner with a picture of a little document on it.



  3. Locate and select a picture file that you want to edit and then click Open.


    image0.jpg

    Your picture will open in the Paint window.



  4. Check out the various editing tools.


    image1.jpg

    Now you can edit the picture in any number of ways:



    • Edit colors. Choose a color from the color palette on the Home tab to use with various tools (such as Brushes, Fill with Color, and the Pick Color dropper) to apply color to the image or selected drawn objects, such as rectangles.


      You can create your own custom color palette. Click the Edit Colors button. Click various colors to add to the palette and then click the Add to Custom Colors button and click OK to save the modified palette.



    • Select areas. Click the Select button and then choose a selection shape, either Rectangular or Free-Form. Click and drag on the image to select portions of the picture. If you want, you can crop to only the selected elements by clicking the crop tool.



    • Add text. Click the Text button and then click and drag the image to create a text box in which you can enter and format text.



    • Draw objects. Click the Shapes button and choose shapes, such as Rectangle, Rounded Rectangle, Polygon, or Ellipse, and then click and drag on the image to draw that shape.



    • Modify the image. Use the buttons on the Image section of the Ribbon to stretch out, flip around, or change the size of the image.





  5. Click the Save button.


    Alternatively, you can click the Paint button and then choose Print or File→Send in an E-mail.






dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-edit-a-photo-in-windows-7s-live-paint.html

Radio Electronics: The Genius behind FM Radio

One of the great inventors in the history of radio electronics was an engineer named Edwin H. Armstrong. Born in 1890, he was fascinated with electrical technology from a very young age. At the age of 14, he started experimenting with wireless radio circuits, building an antenna in his family’s backyard that was more than 100’ tall.


He made his first major contribution to radio technology while he was a junior at Columbia University in 1912. His invention was a circuit that amplified incoming radio signals by feeding them back though the amplifier tube in what came to be called a regenerative circuit.


The regenerative circuit was an important early breakthrough in radio technology that for the first time allowed radio to be heard through a speaker rather than with headphones.


During World War I, Armstrong invented another type of radio receiver, which he called the superheterodyne circuit.


The basic principal of the superheterodyne circuit is that a radio signal broadcasting at a high frequency — say 1,500 kHz, can be combined with a nearby frequency from an oscillator — say, 1,560 kHz, in such a way that the original signal could also be detected at 60 kHz — the difference between the original signal’s frequency (1,560 kHz) and the oscillator’s frequency (1,500 kHz).


The superheterodyne circuit may be one of the most important electronic circuits ever invented. It's still used in nearly all radio receivers to this day.


His third great invention came in 1933, when he created a method for transmitting radio signals that wasn't subject to interference from atmospheric disturbances like lightning. His new system was called frequency modulation, or FM radio.


Armstrong patented his inventions, but his patents were challenged or ignored by the titans of radio. He lost his lawsuit to protect his patent for his regenerative circuit in 1934 because the justices of the Supreme Court didn't understand how the circuit worked, and the industry challenged his FM radio patents and used his technology freely throughout the 1940s and 1950s.


Finally, in 1954, ill and broke from his legal battles, Armstrong committed suicide by jumping from his high-rise apartment window.


Eventually his widow, Marion, won a series of patent lawsuits and was awarded damages of $10 million.











dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/radio-electronics-the-genius-behind-fm-radio.html

Troubleshooting OSPF Protocol: Interfaces

Troubleshooting tools for the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol include a specific show command option. With show ip ospf interface, you can get more detail about the specific interfaces being used for OSPF. At this point, the loopback interface is configured, the timer intervals are still set to default values, a DR and BDR are selected, and 192.168.10.1 is the only neighbor.


Router2>enable
Password:
Router2#show ip ospf interface
Loopback0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.255.254/24, Area 0
Process ID 100, Router ID 192.168.5.1, Network Type LOOPBACK, Cost: 1
Loopback interface is treated as a stub Host
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.1.240/24, Area 0
Process ID 100, Router ID 192.168.5.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 1
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DR, Priority 1
Designated Router (ID) 192.168.5.1, Interface address 192.168.1.240
Backup Designated router (ID) 192.168.10.1, Interface address 192.168.1.1
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
oob-resync timeout 40
Hello due in 00:00:07
Index 1/1, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.10.1 (Backup Designated Router)
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)



dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/troubleshooting-ospf-protocol-interfaces.html

Following the Rules of Fashion Illustration

Fashion drawing isn’t known for having a lot of rules, but it does have a few pointers. When drawing fashion models, remember the following guidelines:



  • Know the difference between figure drawing and fashion drawing. In fashion drawing, go for a stylized look over realism. Show just a few key folds or shadows instead of every detail, and leave some white space.



  • Exaggerate!



  • Render proportions appropriate to the model’s gender and age. For adult figures, keep heads small for a graceful look.


    Start with a stick figure to set your pose and proportions and make sure the model looks balanced before you get too far into a drawing.



  • Diversify your fashion poses and views (front, side, back, and three-quarter) to draw audience interest. Tilt the shoulders and hips to create active poses.



  • To avoid a flat look, curve lines with the figure’s body. Have necklines and hemlines wrap around to the back of the figure. Let fabric prints cut off at the seams or disappear over the edges.



  • Experiment to keep your art fresh.



  • Know when to fix a drawing, stop it, or scrap it.



  • Practice, practice, practice.






dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/following-the-rules-of-fashion-illustration.html

How to Be a Successful Personal Trainer

Building up, and keeping clients, is key to the success of your personal training business. These guidelines will help you establish yourself professionally, and build your client relationships as a personal trainer.



  • Be a professional. Be sure to dress professionally (a polo shirt and clean sweat pants work well), always show up on time, and keep accurate files.



  • Don't be afraid to “fire” a client. If the client has become increasingly noncompliant, if you find yourself ending workouts early; or if the client has started to complain a lot, the best course of action may be to let her go. Tell her that you feel that Trainer X can offer her more than you can.



  • Scope out the competition. Your competitors are the personal trainers and personal training companies in your area that. The best way to “know your foe” is to “shop” them. Call as a prospective client and ask about their services, how much they charge, whether their trainers are certified, hours, whether they travel to the client’s home or office, and so on. Not only will you get the information you need to compete in the marketplace, you may pick up an idea or two for yourself.



  • Provide personal solutions. Your clients don’t all fit into one mold, and your programs and solutions for them shouldn’t, either. Ask questions to find out about the client’s unique situation and tailor your response to fit it.



  • Plan one step at a time. Break down tasks into manageable steps. For example, if your client has never been on a treadmill, don’t just put him on one and hit the On button. Tell him how to get on the treadmill, how to turn it on, how to step onto the tread, how to adjust the intensity, and how to turn it off.



  • Change up the program. We humans get bored doing the same thing every day. Keep your client motivated by occasionally upping the intensity and changing the exercises.



  • Provide positive reinforcement. Encourage and motivate your clients to keep them coming back. Tell your client how her performance compares to her past performance (if it’s better, that is), compliment her, include positive notes about her performance in her workout log, and send her an occasional e-mail or greeting card to let her know you’re proud of her.



  • Respect your clients’ privacy. Don’t tell other clients, trainers, or anyone else about a client’s home, personal life, or training program.



  • Follow up. Following up with clients holds them accountable and gives them little motivational boosts to boot. It’s simple — just check in once or twice (via phone or e-mail) when the client is between sessions.



  • Keep in touch with former clients. Staying in touch with your former clients is a good business practice. If you have clients who have moved on, shoot them an occasional phone call, letter, or e-mail to touch base and make sure they’re on track. You never know — they may decide to come back to you!






dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-be-a-successful-personal-trainer.navId-323005.html

What Does an Auditor Do?

The goal of a financial statement audit is for you (the auditor) to form an opinion regarding whether those statements are or aren’t free from error. To do so, you use your best professional judgment when assessing your client’s information and assertions. Although every company is different, and each audit you work on will vary, you can follow some common procedures. Here are a few of the tasks you want to accomplish while conducting your audits.


Evaluate relevance and reliability


You can’t issue an audit opinion unless you have sufficient, competent evidential matter. Relevance and reliability are two hallmarks of good evidence:



  • Relevance means the evidence directly relates to the facts you’re trying to substantiate. For example, valuation of a checking account in U.S. dollars isn’t relevant, because the worth of a dollar is so straightforward. However, valuation is critical in determining what the correct ending inventory figure should be.



  • Reliability means you can depend on the evidence to steer you in the right direction. For example, evidence is more reliable if it’s in written rather than oral form, or if a knowledgeable independent source from outside your audit client substantiates something the client told you.




Test management assertions


Your client’s management assertions must be presented on the financial statements using generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. Because you can’t prepare the financial0statements under audit, you need to know GAAP. It’s your responsibility to realize when GAAP aren’t being uniformly applied and to inform the client of that fact so it can correct the error.


To help you get your feet wet, here are generic descriptions for various management assertions:



  • Occurrence: The transactions management shows on the financial statements actually took place. For example, if the client records a sale of $5,000, you make sure a delivery of a good or service to a real-live customer actually happened.



  • Completeness: Whatever event took place is recorded in its entirety. For example, the $5,000 sale is booked as revenue for the whole $5,000 and not for a lesser amount (because management doesn’t want to pay taxes on the entire sale amount).



  • Classification: Management takes the transaction to the correct account. For example, the company records the $5,000 sale as revenue and not a loan from a shareholder.



  • Cutoff: Transactions are on the financial statements for the correct period. For example, if the audit client has a calendar year-end of December 31, only sales taking place prior to close of business on December 31 are recorded on the current financial statements.



  • Rights and obligations: The client owns or holds the rights to assets and is indeed responsible for the liabilities shown on the balance sheet. Examples of assets are cars, buildings, computers, and machinery. Examples of liabilities are accounts payables and loans taken out to buy the assets.




Issue an opinion


Well, after all the hard work you do during the auditing process, your firm is the expert that gives its professional opinion about how much reliance users can place on the audit topic at hand.




dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/what-does-an-auditor-do.html

Comparing Systems Integrators Companies for Cloud Computing


6 of 17 in Series:
The Essentials of Services in Cloud Computing





Creating a cloud strategy is a complicated process. A cloud infrastructure needs a well-defined architecture or it can’t scale and won’t be manageable. Do you need lots of help with cloud strategy development and implementation, as well as integration services? Systems integrators handle those kinds of customers.


Many systems integrators have deep knowledge of data center creation, partner closely with technology providers to create practices focused on private and hybrid cloud creation, and have specialized knowledge in areas such as security and service orientation.


Unisys for cloud computing


Unisys, a veteran computing company, has focused its cloud strategy on security. Its primary offering is the Unisys Secure Cloud Solution, which is a hosted managed cloud service. Unisys intends to have a version of this available by the end of the year that it will call Cloud-in-a-box. The objective is to make it easier for you to create your own private cloud.


Cloud computing with Computer Sciences Corporation


Computer Sciences is focusing on IT security and reliability for its cloud strategy. While CSC has offered security services on a hosting basis, the company is now launching an Infrastructure as a Service version. CSC will try to differentiate itself by taking into account the physical location of a company (because different countries have regulations regarding the movement of data). A future service will help these companies securely connect to third-party clouds. CSC intends to build its services on top of Cisco’s Unified Computing System.


Accenture and cloud computing


Accenture offers what it calls its Cloud Computing Suite, which includes the following services:



  • Accenture Cloud Computing Accelerator



  • Accenture Cloud Opportunity Assessment Tool



  • Accenture Cloud Computing Data Processing Solution




Accenture is leveraging its experience with managed services and hosting to move into the cloud market. It also is partnering with many of the software and hardware providers (including EMC, Microsoft, and HP) to provide cloud solutions for its customers.


Cloud computing with Savvis, Inc.


Savvis is primarily an outsourced infrastructure service provider for enterprises. Over the past several years the company has begun providing private cloud solutions for its customers. The company is leveraging its 29 data centers to create cloud services, such as providing virtual lab services for developers and a platform for independent software vendors (ISVs) to offer their SaaS applications. In addition, the company is offering a hybrid cloud service so customers can establish a private cloud environment without one of the Savvis data centers.




dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/comparing-systems-integrators-companies-for-cloud-.html

Choose Commands from Quicken 2012 Menus in Windows 7

To set something in motion in Windows 7, you usually need to choose commands from menus. Most application windows have a menu bar — a row of menus across the top of the window. Predictably, not every menu bar contains the same menus, but they’re often darn similar. Some of the commands on the Quicken 2012 menus, for example, mirror commands on the WordPad menus.


This menu similarity isn’t some nefarious conspiracy. The common command sets make things easier for users.


Choose Quicken 2012 commands with the furry little rodent


The easiest way to choose a command is to use the mouse.


To select one of the menus by using a mouse, move the mouse pointer — the small arrow that moves across your screen as you physically roll the mouse across your desk — so that it points to the name of the menu that you want to select. Then click the mouse’s left button: Windows 7 or the application program displays the menu. Now click the command that you want to choose.


If you inadvertently display a menu, you can deselect it (that is, make it go away) by clicking anywhere outside the menu box.


Choose Quicken 2012 commands by using the Alt+key combinations


Another way to choose a command is to use an Alt key (cleverly labeled Alt, these keys are usually at either end of the spacebar):



  1. Press the Alt key.


    Doing so tells Windows 7 or the application that you want to choose a command.



  2. Press the letter representing the menu that you want to choose.


    Doing so tells Windows 7 or the application program which menu contains the command you want.



  3. Press the underlined letter of the command you want to choose.


    Each command on a menu is usually underlined, too, so that you can tell the program which command you want to choose by pressing the underlined letter of that command.




Some Windows 7 programs, Quicken and WordPad included, don’t show you the underlined letter that chooses menus and menu commands until you press the Alt key. And then when you do press the Alt key, the programs display pictures of the keyboard keys. Weird, huh?


Windows 7 and Windows 7 applications often offer yet another way to choose menu commands. After you press the Alt key, use the left- and right-arrow keys to highlight the menu that you want. Then press Enter. Windows 7 or the Windows 7 application displays the menu. Use the up- and down-arrow keys to highlight the command that you want to choose. Then press Enter.


If you want to deselect a menu but still leave the menu bar activated, press the Esc key once. To deselect the displayed menu and, at the same time, deactivate the menu bar, press the Esc key twice.


Choose Quicken 2012 commands by using shortcut-key combinations


For many menu commands, Windows 7 and Windows 7 applications offer shortcut-key combinations. When you press a shortcut-key combination, Windows 7 or the Windows 7 application program simultaneously activates the menu bar, chooses a menu, and chooses a command.


Windows 7 (and application programs, such as WordPad and Quicken) displays the shortcut-key combination that you can use for a command on the menu beside the command.


If you start Quicken and then use one of the menu selection techniques to display the Quicken Tools menu, you'll see that many of the commands listed on the menu are followed by cryptic codes. Following the Tools→Account List command, for example, you can just barely make out the code Ctrl+A. And following the Category List command, you can see the code Shift+Ctrl+C.


These are the shortcut-key combinations. If you simultaneously press the two or three keys listed — the Ctrl key and the A key, for example — you choose the command. (Shortcut-key combinations often use funny keys — such as Ctrl, Alt, and Shift — in combination with letters or numbers. If you’re not familiar with some of these keys’ locations, check your keyboard.)


Disabled Windows 7commands


Not every menu command makes sense in every situation. So Windows 7 and Windows 7 applications disable commands that would be just plain kooky to choose. To show you when a command has been disabled, the program displays disabled commands in gray letters. In comparison, commands you can choose show up in black letters.


Windows 7 command icons


Windows 7 makes your computing experience as visual and graphical as possible. Accordingly, if Windows 7 or a program designed for Windows 7 can replace a boring old menu command with a clickable picture or icon, that’s how it appears.




dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/choose-commands-from-quicken-2012-menus-in-windows.navId-397904.html

Network Basics: Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 Address Structures

Essentially, IPv6 dramatically increases the number of addresses available in IPv4. This is due to major change in the addressing structure between the Internet protocols.


When working with IPv4, you have a 32-bit address format broken into byte size units, or octets. IPv4 allows for a total of 4.3 billion addresses (2^32). After you get rid of special address spaces such as loopback, multicast, and reserved blocks, you have only about 3.7 billion addresses to work with.


Of that, approximately 2.4 billion are already assigned to exiting users, so you do not end up with very many left for all the new people and their myriad of devices. Well, IPv6 increases that address space up to 128 bits, or 2^128 addresses, or 3.4 x 10^38 addresses. Now that is a lot. Check out the following table, where it might make a little more sense.



































IPv4 and IPv6 Comparison

IPv4IPv6
Bits32128
Octets416
Binary address10011101.10010001.11111011.0110111010011101.10000010.00010010.10010010.
00011101.00111011.10001101.11110001.
00111011.11000111.11000011.10001110. 11001111.00001111.00111110.
00001110
Alternate address display157.145.251.1109D82:1292:1D3B:8DF1:3BC7:C38E:CF0F:3E0E
Total number of addresses4.3 x 10^93.4 x 10^38

You may have noticed the rather odd-looking alternate IPv6 address in the table. That is done to keep you from getting a cramp in your hand when writing decimal numbers. This is hex-colon notation, which takes 16 bits and converts them to four hexadecimal numbers, rather than six decimal numbers in dotted-decimal notation.




dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/network-basics-comparing-ipv4-and-ipv6-address-str.html

How to Use Automatic Hyphenation in Word 2007




In the Hyphenation dialog box, take your pick of options.


>

Hyphenate Words in CAPS: Clear this check box if you don’t want words in all caps hyphenated. This setting is useful for jargon or trade names.


Hyphenation Zone: Word hyphenates words that cross into this zone, where Word tries to end each line. Enlarge this zone, and Word hyphenates more words, making text look too loose (justified text) or right margins too ragged (left-aligned text).


Limit Consecutive Hyphens To: Having two lines in a row ending with a hyphen isn’t wrong, and three is okay, sometimes. The default setting, however, places no limit on how many consecutive lines Word can hyphenate.





>
dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-use-automatic-hyphenation-in-word-2007.pageCd-storyboard,pageNum-5.html

A Start-Up Kit for Kittens and Adult Cats

Whether you’re adopting a playful kitten or a full-grown cat, you want to welcome your new feline friend to his or her new home by having all the essentials already in place. The following list contains the basic items you need to have on hand before you bring kitty home. (Any extra treats or toys will surely be appreciated.)























Brush and combHigh-quality food, as recommended by breed or veterinarian
ToysNail trimmer and Kwik Stop powder
Dishwasher-safe bowls, one for water, one for foodLitter box, litter, scoop
Enzyme cleaner for pet stainsTravel crate for car trips
Soft cat collar (with elastic insert for safety) and an ID
tag
Scratching post or cat tree








dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/a-startup-kit-for-kittens-and-adult-cats.html

Your Options for Improving Profit in a Business

For businesses, improving profit is the ultimate goal. The options for improving profit in a business boil down to three critical factors, listed in order from the most effective to the least effective:



  • Increasing margin per unit



  • Increasing sales volume



  • Reducing fixed expenses




Say you want to improve your profit from the $1.5 million you earned last year to $1.8 million this year, which is a $300,000 or 20 percent increase. Okay, so how are you going to increase profit $300,000? Here are your basic options:



  • Based on a 100,000 units sales volume, you could increase your margin per unit $3, which would raise total margin $300,000.



  • Sell 12,000 additional units at the present margin per unit of $25, which would raise your total margin by $300,000. (12,000 additional units × $25 = $300,000 additional margin.)



  • Use a combination of these two strategies: Increase both the margin per unit and sales volume such that the combined effect is to improve total margin $300,000.



  • Reduce fixed expenses $300,000.




The last alternative may not be very realistic. Part of your fixed expenses ($250,000) is the amount allocated from headquarters, over which you have no control. Reducing your direct fixed expenses $300,000, from $750,000 to $450,000, might reduce your capacity to make sales and carry out the operations in your part of the business. Perhaps you could do a little belt-tightening in your fixed expenses area, but you likely would have to turn to the other alternatives for increasing your profit.


The second approach is obvious — you just need to set a sales goal of increasing the number of products sold by 12,000 units. (How you motivate your already overworked sales staff to accomplish that sales volume goal is up to you.)


How would you go about the first approach, increasing the margin per unit by $3? Your options include the following:



  • Decrease your product cost per unit $3.



  • Attempt to reduce sales commissions from $8.50 per $100 of sales to $5.50 per $100 — which may hurt the motivation of your sales force, of course.



  • Raise the sales price about $3.38 (remember that 8.5 percent comes off the top for sales commission, so only $3 would remain to improve the unit margin).



  • Combine two or more such changes so that your unit margin would increase $3.






dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/your-options-for-improving-profit-in-a-business.html

How to Nurture a Welcoming Online Community

A positive online community experience leads to more positive actions. For example, members who are having a good time invite others to join the party. Satisfied members also share your content whether it’s a blog post, a fun comment on your Facebook page, or a promotion or sales opportunity. Happy campers provide the best word-of-mouth promotion.


Keep the online community positive from day 1


One online writing community allows members to explore and discuss all writing genres and careers. If newbies ask the wrong questions, however, they’re not led to a FAQ page or helpful thread by a moderator.


Instead, all the community members pile up and make the newbie feel small and unwelcome. They dissect each of the newbie’s posts and point out misspellings or grammar missteps. The community moderator even joins in on the pile-on.


The members of the community may think they’re setting a newbie “straight,” but to lurkers and other newbies, this treatment is akin to bullying. The community moderator is setting the wrong tone for this community by allowing it.


In many online communities, a popular line of thinking is that if other community members don’t like negativity or swearing or daily rants, they should find another discussion thread or, better yet, find another community.


If the community manager allows this line of thinking, his community is now an elitist clique that isn’t welcoming to people who don’t appreciate strong language or negativity.


Plenty of people of feel that they have carte blanche to talk down to others because they’re being “brutally honest.” They use “honesty” as an excuse to insult and belittle.


Good community managers know honesty is never an excuse for rudeness. If they allow rudeness to happen, they’ll have a community of honest bullies and not much else.


Use positive words when moderating your online community


Setting the right tone for your community means choosing the right words and not leaving any room for misinterpretation. You want to choose topics and a tone that isn’t offensive and that folks aren’t going to take the wrong way.


Here are a few tips:



  • Watch your “you” language. How does this sound?: “You need to . . . you have to . . . you didn’t. . . .” Many times, using the word you sounds like you’re pointing a finger or accusing someone of something.



  • Give directions, not orders. When you’re teaching or sharing information, the last thing you want to do is lecture or give orders. When you make requests, always remember manners. Saying “Please” and “Thank you” goes a long way toward setting the right tone.



  • Cool down before you post. The biggest social-networking mistake is posting a comment in anger. Though a message can be deleted, you may not get to it before other people see it. Moreover, some people like to save screen shots and send them to your team or throw in your face later. Sending out an angry post can cost you your community . . . and your job.



  • Be sincere. Just as you don’t want to be too negative, you don’t want to be so positive that you seem fake. Being sincere is more important than being chipper.



  • Accentuate the positive. Try using positive words in negative discussions. Instead of saying “Don’t post your links in the forum,” say “Hey, I really like your blog. Thanks for your links. Moving forward, please use the promotion folder to share links.” Now your comment doesn’t seem like such a smackdown.




You don’t have to be Polly Perky all the time because that gets old with the community as well. Just think about way you say things and how your words will impact your community.




dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-nurture-a-welcoming-online-community.html

Playing Classical Guitar in Free Stroke versus Rest Stroke

How do you know when to use the free stroke or the rest stroke when playing classical guitar? This table notes when you should choose to use the free stroke and when your better option is the rest stroke for your guitar playing.























Use the Free Stroke When You PlayUse the Rest Stroke When You Play
ArpeggiosSlower, more expressive melodies
ChordsScales, scale sequences, and single-note passages
Light-sounding melodies, or filler notes between melody and
bass parts
Loud notes, or notes requiring maximum volume or feeling of
intensity
Melodies or passages where the rest stroke can’t be
applied because of tempo considerations, string conflicts, or
awkwardness and impracticalities in the right-hand fingering
Passages that must be drawn out from their surroundings (either
other notes from the guitar or in an ensemble setting), assuming no
conflict with other strings




dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/playing-classical-guitar-in-free-stroke-versus-res.html

Organize Your Contact List for Your Job Search via Social Networking

Not everyone in your contact list is created equal. Some people serve as hubs and help you meet interesting people while others offer you great advice and are more like mentors. Here are different roles people can have in your network:



  • Promoters: These people let you know about opportunities. They’re the ones who call and say, “Did you hear that Widgets is hiring?”



  • Hubs: These contacts connect you with other people you may want to meet, or they suggest new networking events for you to attend.



  • Mentors: The people who guide your career, show you new things, or are brave enough to give you some direct, yet necessary, feedback are your mentors. If you have a wise voice in your life or even a coach, that person is a mentor.



  • Role models: People who have achieved what you aspire to are your role models. They’re the people you respect and value as being a part of your network. Role models may have a similar job to the one you’re looking for, or they may just be excellent at what they do.




If you’re using a tag-based Customer Relationship Management system to organize all your contacts, consider tagging each contact with one or two roles. What’s great about tagging is that when you need someone to ask advice of, simply search for your mentors and see who you want to meet. If you’re looking for an introduction into a company, search for your hubs.




dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/organize-your-contact-list-for-your-job-search-via.html

Creating Common Manga Characters

When you know how to draw a manga figure, you're ready to turn your attention to creating your own characters. A number of common archetypes appear often in manga. In this case, archetypes are basically sets of personalities and attributes assigned to a character. An archetype may include, for example, the color of the individual's hair and eyes and the type of body build the character has.



The decision of what your character looks like is ultimately yours, but first explore these established archetypes and see if they will work for you:



  • The Main Protagonist: Every manga story must have a main leading character, either male or female. Readers lose interest in manga very quickly without a lead character to identify with. Even if everything else about your script is terrific, captivating the audience with memorable lead characters is crucial. Common main protagonists are the androgynous student, the varsity team captain, the Army Special Forces rookie, the innocent daydreamer, and the martial arts warrior.

  • The Loveable Sidekick: For every lead character, you have at least one supporting cast member — otherwise known as the sidekick. These archetypes can be male, female, or neither (animal or alien). Conquering battles and winning over hearts of loved ones gets pretty lonely without supporting sidekicks. Humans learn from interacting with each other, and that's true of manga lead characters in every story.

    Lead characters look alike in so many manga stories, so the sidekicks make the difference — by either helping the lead character's mission go smoothly or by turning it into a living nightmare (usually unintentionally). Regardless of her impact, a sidekick's existence is just as crucial as the lead character's. Some common sidekick archetypes are the dimwitted muscle-man, the loyal little brother or sister, and the spoiled brat.

  • The Dreaded Villain: No action manga saga is complete without an opposing bad force — for every protagonist, there must be an antagonist. Otherwise, you don't have a strong plot. Contrary to most American comics, where villains are portrayed as teeth-gnashing and grotesque, modern manga stories rely on good-looking, intelligent, and cunning lead villains to make the plot more interesting.

    These archetypes expand and change, just like every form of popular entertainment does, but you want to at least recognize the common trend that has flooded the popular manga market for the past several decades. Current popular villain archetypes are the handsome yet icy-cold villain, the military vixen, the well-trained warrior, and the evil sorceress.

  • Damsels in Distress: Ever watch one of those silent movies featuring attractive women tied down to the railroad tracks? How about the girl who gets abducted and taken up the tall building by a giant gorilla? Well, guess what — the manga world is flooded with these characters. Damsels in distress give your main protagonist an obvious mission — save the girl! Remember, though, that these characters shouldn't steal the spotlight from your main characters; they should play secondary roles in advancing the focus of your story. Common types of characters that need saving are the "little sister" princess, the innocent schoolgirl, and the loyal and selfless damsel.









dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/creating-common-manga-characters.html

How To Check Your Microphone for NaturallySpeaking

Many a slip happens between the PC and the lip. Following are some of the problems NaturallySpeaking may be having on the microphone end of things, and what to do about them:



  • Your microphone needs adjustment: Make sure the microphone is off to the side of your mouth, about a half-inch away from one corner of your mouth. You may have to bend the plastic tube that holds the microphone into an S-shape to get this right.



  • You have chosen the wrong sound system in the Audio Setup Wizard: Run the Audio Setup Wizard and choose the right sound system that your mic is connected to.



  • You’re trying to use the built-in microphone in your laptop computer: These rarely provide enough quality, and they pick up lots of extraneous noise from the laptop and the surface it lies on. Nearly half of all laptops present an audio input problem to NaturallySpeaking because of their microphones, sound hardware, or both. One good solution is a USB microphone.



  • You’re trying to use the cheap microphone that came with your PC: Give it up! Use the one that came with NaturallySpeaking, or buy a serious microphone from the list of Nuance-certified devices on its website in the Support Area.



  • The microphone connection is loose: Look at where the plug fits the jack in your PC; make sure it isn't wiggly. If you have NaturallySpeaking Premium or higher, try playing back some of your dictation. (Select text and say, “Play That.”)


    If it has loud, scratchy noises, you may need to replace the microphone or get someone to test and fix its cable. Some background noise also comes from the PC (not exactly a high-end sound system) and is unavoidable.



  • The microphone cable is plugged into the wrong jack in the PC: If the microphone is plugged into a really wrong jack, like the speaker output, it won’t work at all. If you have no alternative but to plug it into the IN or LINE-IN jack on your PC (you have no microphone jack), it may work, but the volume may be low.


    If it’s plugged into the IN or LINE-IN jack and doesn’t work at all, run a complete setup in the Audio Setup Wizard as the preceding section describes. Volume may still not be high enough, but at least you tried.



  • A battery is failing in the microphone or adapter: The microphones that come with NaturallySpeaking don’t have batteries, but some microphones do. Battery-powered adapters do, too.




Should you get a better microphone than the one that came with NaturallySpeaking? Many voice-recognition professionals swear by getting a better microphone, which can run up to several hundred dollars. A better microphone will generally improve your results, but only up to the limits of your PC’s sound card.


Both microphone and sound card are links in the chain that brings your voice to your PC, and whichever is the weakest link will limit your sound quality. Those professionals who recommend better microphones also tend to have very good sound cards. Your results will probably not improve in proportion to the money you spend.


Check the list of Dragon-certified microphones on Dragon’s website for options. But before you go laying out big bucks for a new microphone and sound card, read up on USB microphones.











dummies

Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-to-check-your-microphone-for-naturallyspeaking.html

Windows 7 Window Key Shortcuts

Use these keyboard shortcuts to quickly navigate Windows 7 using the Windows logo key (Win). You’ll find using the keyboard an efficient alternative to depending on your mouse.



































































Key or Key ComboWhat It Does
WinDisplays (or hides) the Start menu
Win+DDisplays the desktop
Win+EOpens a Windows Explorer window
Win+FDisplays the Search window for files and folders
Win+Ctrl+FDisplays the Search window for networked computers
Win+GCycles through Sidebar gadgets
Win+LDisplays the Welcome/Logon/Lock screen
Win+MMinimizes all open windows
Win+Shift+MRestores all windows minimized with Win+M
Win+ROpens the Run dialog box
Win+TCycles through taskbar programs
Win+TabCycles through taskbar programs using Flip 3D
Win+UDisplays the Ease of Access Center
Win+F1Displays Windows Help
Win+BreakDisplays the System Properties dialog box



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Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/windows-7-window-key-shortcuts.html

Video As a Web Marketing Tool

The growth of broadband access, plus the advent of inexpensive video recording technology, has fueled a surge in video on the web, offering plenty of new opportunities to deliver content and place ads.


Creative examples abound. Although you experience a wonderful feeling when you grab the brass ring and create a funny viral video that millions of viewers pass around, video has plenty of other marketing uses:



  • Create your own videos to suit your needs. Sample topics are product demonstrations, product updates, industry news, training, support, testimonials, and promotion. You can post them online in several places and cross-link to them from your own site, your blog, and all your social media pages.



  • Remember that certain subjects are natural candidates for video. Cinema, sports, entertainment, and music cry out for video trailers, teasers, concert samples, or game excerpts.



  • Develop videos that enhance your brand image. Document everything from community involvement to how-to programs in your industry area.



  • Tap into the creative potential of your target audience. Encourage them to post videos related to your company or products (funny pet videos for pet stores, for example), perhaps as part of a contest. Here’s a note of caution: When Chevrolet ran a contest soliciting Tahoe SUV commercials, it received many negative submissions complaining about poor gas mileage and environmental damage.



  • Advertise on video-sharing sites, in which eMarketer expects to draw more than $2 billion in advertising dollars in 2011. To promote your company on YouTube, go to Google.com/Ads/Video, or use a video advertising network, such as the ones at Break.com, Tubemogul.com, or Blip.tv.













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Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/video-as-a-web-marketing-tool.navId-811455.html

Watching Out for Multiple Sclerosis-Related Swallowing Problems

Swallowing isn't as simple as it seems — in fact, the process involves about 30 muscles in your mouth and throat and eight of your cranial nerves. So, as you can imagine, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesions can interfere at any point in the process, from when you put food in your mouth to when it arrives in your stomach.



When the nerve impulses that make swallowing possible aren't working correctly, you develop dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing. When this happens, food can pass into your airway and lungs, causing you to choke and cough. Over time, particles of food that remain in the lungs can cause aspiration pneumonia. This, like all types of pneumonia, can be serious, debilitating, and potentially dangerous. Fortunately, most people with MS won't develop this kind of serious problem. But, if you notice that your eating has become much slower, you have difficulty swallowing different kinds of food (liquids, for example, may give you more problems than solids, or certain kinds of solid foods may cause you more difficulty than others), or you find yourself coughing a lot during or after meals, ask your doctor for a referral to a Speech/Language Pathologist (S/LP).



The S/LP will evaluate your swallow with a test called a videofluoroscopy (also referred to as a modified barium swallow), that tracks via X-ray a bolus of food as it travels from your mouth down to your stomach. Depending on the type of problem you're having, the S/LP can teach you safe swallowing exercises that improve muscle coordination during swallowing and recommend modifications in the way you eat or the consistency of the foods you eat.










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Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/watching-out-for-multiple-sclerosisrelated-swallow.html

Use a Facilitator to Lead Strategic Planning Meetings

Why hire a facilitator for your strategic planning meeting if you’re perfectly comfortable leading the group yourself? Think of it this way. If you were having a party for 100 of your closest friends, assuming money was no object, would you cook for them or hire a caterer?


More than likely, you’d hire a caterer. Not because you’re incapable of whipping up potato salad, burgers, and homemade fries, but because sitting back, relaxing, and enjoying the party are more fun. Besides, a caterer is trained and paid to make sure that everything goes smoothly. Why take on the extra stress?


A strategic planning meeting is no different. You or someone else in your organization are more than capable of running the meeting, but doing so isn’t the best approach. By hiring a facilitator, you can be fully engaged in the strategy and planning and leave meeting process and structure to someone else. Furthermore, hiring a facilitator is better because he or she can remain totally impartial.


Be sure to find a facilitator who understands and runs strategic planning meetings regularly. You want someone who can keep the meeting on task and guide the process so you achieve the desired outcome of a strategic plan. Outline the process by



  • Sitting down with the facilitator prior to the meeting



  • Making sure he fully understands what success looks like to you



  • Clearly explaining your desired outcome, what business you’re in, the strategic issues you’re facing, and the dynamics of your team




The best way to find a facilitator is through referrals. Tap in to your business associates or your business networks for their contacts.




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Source:http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/use-a-facilitator-to-lead-strategic-planning-meeti.html